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这个option价格多少?

这个问题的PDE解法

Actually this option can be named as pepertual American digital call option with strike H. Pepertual mean there is no time declay, r is zero means drift is switched off and risk free rate of return is zero.

So the BS PDE becomes 0.5*sigma^2*S^2*Gamma=0, which means this option price V(S) is linear in S, i.e. we can write
V(S)= A + B*S, where A and B are constant and 0<S=<H

The problem is then to find constant A and B, normally when solving DE we need boundary condition, here we got 2 constants and hence need two boundary conditions. Can you see the problem now? We only have one boundary condition which is

V(H)=1.

So this problem here is called "undetermined".

However we can look for some special solution.
(i)If we let A=0, then V(S)=B*S.  Since V(H)=B*H=1, we have B=1/H, so V(S)=S/H.
(ii)if we let B=0, then V(S)=A. Since V(H)=A=1, we have A=1, so V(S)=1.

From here we can see that V(S)=1 and V(S) = S/H are two particular solutions. To determine this problem we need an extral boundary condition, for example we can have a knock out boundary H'>H.

[ 本帖最后由 EnglandWhite 于 2008-2-6 04:47 AM 编辑 ]

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引用:
原帖由 EnglandWhite 于 2008-2-6 02:31 AM 发表
Actually this option can be call pepertual digital call option with strike H. Pepertual mean there is no time declay, r is zero means drift is switched off and risk free rate of return is zero.

So  ...
你这样做似乎没考虑“for the first time”, set first derivative with t equal to 0, plus r is zero making your solution satisfies whenver stock price hits "H" investor could get 1.
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引用:
原帖由 QuantHR 于 2008-2-6 03:15 AM 发表


你这样做似乎没考虑“for the first time”, set first derivative with t equal to 0, plus r is zero making your solution satisfies whenver stock price hits "H" investor could get 1.
It does take "for the first time" into consideration, it is done by setting the boundary condtion V(H)=1, the value of the option is 1 as soon as S reaches H.

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I think V(H)=1 means for every H, V=1 instead of for first H, V=1. therefore your solution is a general one.

should add "first time" constraint but i dont know how to do this with PDE.
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原帖由 QuantHR 于 2008-2-6 05:21 AM 发表
I think V(H)=1 means for every H, V=1 instead of for first H, V=1. therefore your solution is a general one.

should add "first time" constraint but i dont know how to do this with PDE.
This ODE is solved from S=0 to S=H,  and the boundary condtion is specified at H, so there is nothing happening above H, i.e. can only hit H once.

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If H!=1, then there is arbitrage in the market.(see previous posts)
Contingent claims could not be priced in such a market.

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I think EnglandWhite's solution is a good explanation from the math ponit of view.

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以下是irvingy给我的来信:  ( 贴出来大家参考吧,我觉得说的很有道理,irvingy应该不会追究版权吧,嘿嘿)

"这个本来是heard on the street里面的一道题,稍微改了一下,原来是ibm的股票,现价75,一个option,first time hit 100的时候payoff 1,问option price多少

这个是可以delta hedge的,delta = 1/100,买0.01份股票,然后挂一个GTC order,sell @ 100,fill的时候得到1块钱正好是payoff,所以option price是delta hedging的成本,就是0.01*75

就是说假如股票现值S,first time hit H (H > S) payoff p,delta = p / H,option price = p / H * S

强调的是H > S,假如H < S,这个option worthless,因为delta hedging没有成本,还是前面的例子,假如first time hit 50 payoff 1,hedge是short sell 0.04份股票,马上收3块钱,然后挂一个GTC order,buy @ 50,fill的时候付2块钱,剩下1块钱正好payoff,所以option worthless

另外你说

得到一个非常奇怪的结论,如果期权为1$,则认为价格为1/H的会不断卖出这份期权,然后买入1/H的股票(如果可以无限细分的话),这样他们就赚钱了.这个钱是立即得到的为(1-1/H).
而如果期权价格为1/H,则认为价格为1的就不断借钱买入这样的期权,反正到时候能得到1$,而只要还1/H$,这样他们也赚钱了.这个钱是未来才能得到的同样也为 (1-1/H)

前面一个是对的,后面一个是错的,在hit H之前股票可能跌倒0,这个是absorbing state,hit 0以后再也不可能hit H了,所以long option的可能永远得不到payoff 1,但是必须要偿还1/H的debt

这个和利率是不是0,股价价格是不是GBM,都没有关系"

[ 本帖最后由 垃圾树 于 2008-2-6 12:11 PM 编辑 ]

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同意楼上的, 最近在一本《金融衍生定价模型--数理金融引论》(孙健/中国经济出版社) 第二页的前言中也看到了这道题, 书中是这样写的:
"...我想了一会儿, 用Black-Scholes方程给了解答: '0.75元.' 答案虽然正确, 但他不很满意, 他给了我一个更直观的解释: '其实这个触及生效的期权的值根本不依赖于波动率. 为了对冲IBM股价首次涨到100元时支付的1美元只要买百分之一股的IBM股票即可, 而为了买百分之一股的IBM股票今天要0.75元, 所以公式是不必要的. 作为一个好的计量分析师, 不能总是依赖公式."

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引用:
原帖由 EnglandWhite 于 2008-2-6 02:31 AM 发表
Actually this option can be named as pepertual American digital call option with strike H. Pepertual mean there is no time declay, r is zero means drift is switched off and risk free rate of return is ...
我也同意EnglandWhite的看法。在没有附加条件的情况下,没有确定解。
认为价格为1/H提到可通过购买1/H股票对冲卖出1个期权,但是我觉得这有一个隐含条件,即V(0)=0。
如果没有这个假定条件的话,就不一定了。
例如,假定V(0)=1/2,可以得到期权价格=1/2+S/(2H),这样我可以通过买入1/(2H)股票和卖出1个期权来构造一个无风险portfolio。
那么,如果你认为V(0)=0是肯定的,那么在股票价格为1时,期权价格就会等于1/H;如果你认为V(0)并不等于0,则期权价格有不同的解。例如上一行的1/2+S/(2H)。

假定你认为V(0)=1/2,即股票跌倒0时并不是个absorbing state,如何解释认为价格为1的人就不断借钱买入这样的期权这个奇怪结论呢。我认为即使没有absorbing state,在期权无到期的情况下也不代表股票价格一定会hit H的。试着用二叉数模型来说明一下,如有不对,请大家指出。

假定有n个时间段,n为无穷大的正整数;则股票有2的n次方个运动轨迹。在第n个时间节点上,有n+1个可能的股票价格。只有股票价格运动轨迹曾经大于或等于第n个时间节点上第i个价格(对应于H,并且H>S。H<S的情况,可以反过来推)时,才有1的回报。假定x代表股票在n个时间节点上往上运动的次数,则能有1回报的股票运动轨迹符合如下条件,2x-n>=i。所以x>=(n+i)/2。那么能有1回报的股票价格运动轨迹的数目可以用组合之和求出,即n个时间段中挑出x个时间段,这x个时间段,股票价格向上运动,组合的公式为Cn(x) = n!/x!/(n-x)!,把所有>=(n+i)/2的x的组合结果加起来,再除以2的n次方就是回报为1的概率了。公式中只有一个n,求n为无穷大的正整数时概率的极限值就可以了。可以证明到这是一个小于1的数,不方便详述。一个比较直观的办法就是2的n次方是Cn(x)之和(x从0到n),所以其部分x的Cn(x)之和是小于2的n次方的。

应该还可以有其他方式证明股票价格不一定会hit H。

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